|
Table 1:
Physical activity - categorical
|
|
Notes |
This table represents a variety of exposure definitions for leisure-time physical activity in relation to AD risk. Generally, the reference category corresponds to the least amount of physical activity; however, in the Abbott 2004 paper the reference category is represented by those with the highest number of miles walked per day.
|
|
|
|
Alzheimer Disease |
Total Dementia |
|
|
Paper |
Cohort |
Study Type |
# Subjects
(% Female) |
Average Follow-up Time |
Exposure Distribution
|
# of Cases |
Effect Size |
95% CI |
P-value |
# of Cases |
Effect Size |
95% CI |
P-value |
Ethnicity |
Age at Start of Follow-up:
Mean (SD)
(Range) |
Diagnostic Assessment |
Covariates & Analysis |
Comment |
Paper |
|
Abbott, 2004
|
HAAS
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
2257
(0%) |
7.0 y
(detail) |
< 0.25 miles/d: 27%
0.25 to 1 miles/d: 34%
> 1 to 2 miles/d: 19%
> 2 miles/d: 20%
(detail) |
-
-
-
-
Total: 101 |
2.21
1.86
1.88
1.00 |
1.06-4.57
0.91-3.79
0.87-4.04
Ref. |
0.03
0.09
0.11
Ref. |
-
-
-
-
Total: 158 |
1.93
1.75
1.33
1.00 |
1.11-3.32
1.03-2.99
0.73-2.45
Ref. |
0.02
0.04
0.35
Ref. |
Japanese-American
(detail) |
77
(4)
(71
-
93) |
Screening: CASI
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, APOE4, BMI, CHD, DM, HTN, O, PP, TC‡
(detail) |
|
Abbott, 2004
|
|
Akbaraly, 2009
|
3C
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
5698
(61%) |
-
(detail) |
Low PA: 45%
Middle PA: 24%
High PA: 30%
(detail) |
-
-
-
Total: 97 |
1.00
0.87
1.29 |
Ref.
0.50-1.51
0.80-2.09 |
Ref.
0.43
0.3
* |
-
-
-
Total: 147 |
1.00
0.91
1.09 |
Ref.
0.59-1.39
0.73-1.63 |
Ref.
0.67
0.67
* |
Caucasian
(detail) |
74
(6)
(65
-
) |
Screening: BVRT, IST, MMSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ADLI, APOE4, MMSE, DEP, DM, HC, HTN, MS, OS, SP, VD‡
(detail) |
|
Akbaraly, 2009
|
|
Andel, 2003
|
HARMONY
|
Nested case control study with cumulative incidence sampling reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
3125
(61%) |
31 y
(detail) |
Physical activity in midlife
Hardly any PA: 11%
Light PA: 71%
Regular PA: 9%
Hard PA: 8%
(detail) |
35
138
6
18
Total: 197 |
1.00
0.64
0.34
0.65 |
Ref.
0.41-1.00
0.14-0.86
0.33-1.29 |
Ref.
0.05
0.02
0.22 |
49
188
8
27
Total: 272 |
1.00
0.63
0.34
0.70 |
Ref.
0.43-0.91
0.16-0.72
0.40-1.24 |
Ref.
0.01
0.005
0.22 |
(detail) |
48
(5)
(
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: BDRS, TELE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ALC, ANG, BMI, FVG, SM‡
(detail) |
|
Andel, 2003
|
|
Buchman, 2012
|
MAP
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
716
(76%) |
3.5 y
(detail) |
10th percentile: 10%
90th percentile: 10%
(detail) |
-
-
Total: 71 |
1.00
0.53 |
Ref.
0.29-0.95 |
Ref.
0.03
* |
|
|
|
|
Caucasian
(detail) |
82
(7)
(
-
) |
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, CA-Past, PA, SA‡
(detail) |
|
Buchman, 2012
|
|
Gatz, 2006
|
HARMONY
|
Nested case control study with cumulative incidence sampling reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
196
(62%) |
31 y
(detail) |
Physical activity at midlife
Low PA:
High PA:
(detail) |
-
- |
1.00
0.67 |
Ref.
0.27-1.63 |
Ref.
0.3
* |
-
- |
1.00
1.54 |
Ref.
0.72-3.30 |
Ref.
0.27
* |
(detail) |
-
(-)
(
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: BDRS, TELE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, G‡
(detail) |
|
Gatz, 2006
|
|
Gelber, 2012
|
HAAS
|
Nested case control study with cumulative incidence sampling reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
3468
(0%) |
25 y |
Low PA:
High PA:
(detail) |
69
48
Total: 117 |
1.44
1.00 |
0.94-2.21
Ref. |
0.09
Ref.
* |
139
84
Total: 223 |
1.59
1.00 |
1.15-2.18
Ref. |
0.004
Ref.
* |
Japanese-American
|
52
(-)
(
-
) |
Screening: CASI, HDS, MMSE, 3MSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, APOE4, CVD, CYJPN, DM, HC, HXHTN, OS‡ |
|
Gelber, 2012
|
|
Kishimoto, 2016
|
Hisayama Study
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
803
(61%) |
12 y
(detail) |
Inactive: 67%
Active: 33%
(detail) |
123
42
Total: 165 |
1.00
0.59 |
Ref.
0.41-0.84 |
Ref.
0.003 |
201
90
Total: 291 |
1.00
0.78 |
Ref.
0.60-1.01 |
Ref.
0.06 |
(detail) |
74
(-)
(65
-
) |
Screening: HDS, HDS-R, MMSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ALC, AHD, BMI, DM, ECG, SMKH, SH, SBP, TC‡ |
|
Kishimoto, 2016
|
|
Larson, 2006
|
ACT-GHC
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
1740
(60%) |
6.2 y
(detail) |
< 3 times/wk: 26%
> 3 times/wk: 74%
(detail) |
-
-
Total: 107 |
1.00
0.69 |
Ref.
0.45-1.05 |
Ref.
0.08 |
52
106
Total: 158 |
1.00
0.68 |
Ref.
0.48-0.96 |
Ref.
0.03 |
Caucasian, Other, African-American (Black)
(detail) |
74
(6)
(65
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: CASI
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ALC, APOE4, CVD, CF, CHD, DEP, DM, DSU, HS, HTN, PP, SM‡§
(detail) |
|
Larson, 2006
|
|
Laurin, 2001
|
CSHA
|
Cumulative incidence study reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
3848
(60%) |
5.0 y
*
(detail) |
None: 32%
Low PA: 13%
Moderate PA: 36%
High PA: 19%
(detail) |
80
21
52
16
Total: 169 |
1.00
0.67
0.67
0.50 |
Ref.
0.39-1.14
0.46-0.98
0.28-0.90 |
Ref.
0.14
0.04
0.02
* |
110
28
79
31
Total: 248 |
1.00
0.64
0.69
0.63 |
Ref.
0.41-1.02
0.50-0.95
0.40-0.98 |
Ref.
0.05
0.02
0.04
* |
Caucasian
(detail) |
-
(-)
(65
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: 3MSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G‡
(detail) |
|
Laurin, 2001
|
|
Lindsay, 2002
|
CSHA
|
Cumulative incidence study reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
4019
(61%) |
5.0 y
*
(detail) |
No regular PA: 29%
Regular PA: 71%
(detail) |
80
108
Total: 188 |
1.00
0.69 |
Ref.
0.50-0.96 |
Ref.
0.03
* |
|
|
|
|
(detail) |
-
(-)
(65
-
) |
Screening: "Modified" 3MSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G‡
(detail) |
|
Lindsay, 2002
|
|
Podewils, 2005
|
CHCS
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
3375
(59%) |
5.4 y
(detail) |
< 248 kcal/week: 25%
248-742 kcal/wk: 25%
743-1,657 kcal/wk: 25%
> 1,657 kcal/wk: 25%
(detail) |
69
70
58
48
Total: 245 |
1.00
1.07
0.92
0.70 |
Ref.
0.73-1.57
0.62-1.39
0.44-1.33 |
Ref.
0.73
0.69
0.14
* |
129
136
111
103
Total: 479 |
1.00
1.22
0.94
0.85 |
Ref.
0.93-1.60
0.69-1.28
0.61-1.19 |
Ref.
0.15
0.69
0.34
* |
Caucasian, Other
|
75
(5)
(65
-
) |
Screening: IQ-CODE, 3MSE, Other, TICS
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ADLI, APOE4, MMSE, IADLI, MRI, RE, SNS, SSS‡
(detail) |
|
Podewils, 2005
|
|
Ravaglia, 2008
|
CSBA
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
749
(54%) |
3.9 y
(detail) |
< 4,774 kcal/wk: 33%
4,774-8,090 kcal/wk: 33%
> 8,090 kcal/wk: 33%
(detail) |
21
20
13
Total: 54 |
1.00
0.70
0.95 |
Ref.
0.33-1.49
0.50-1.80 |
Ref.
0.35
0.88
* |
41
26
19
Total: 86 |
1.00
0.58
0.69 |
Ref.
0.32-1.06
0.41-1.15 |
Ref.
0.07
0.16
* |
Caucasian
(detail) |
73
(6)
(65
-
) |
Screening: MMSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, APOE4, C, CVD, CPD, CHD, DM, HTN, HCY‡
(detail) |
|
Ravaglia, 2008
|
|
Rovio, 2005
|
NKP-FINMONICA-CAIDE
|
Cumulative incidence study reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
1449
(62%) |
21 y
(detail) |
Physical activity in midlife
Sedentary: 59%
Active: 41%
(detail) |
31
10
Total: 41 |
1.00
0.35 |
Ref.
0.16-0.80 |
Ref.
0.01
* |
38
15
Total: 53 |
1.00
0.47 |
Ref.
0.25-0.90 |
Ref.
0.02
* |
(detail) |
51
(6)
(39
-
64) |
Screening: MMSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ALC, APOE234, BMI, LD, MI, SM, SH, SBP, TC‡§
(detail) |
|
Rovio, 2005
|
|
Sattler, 2011
|
ILSE
|
Cohort study reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
300
(49%) |
12 y
(detail) |
Baseline physical activity
Inactive: 67%
Active: 33%
(detail) |
16
8
Total: 24 |
1.00
0.93 |
Ref.
0.45-1.90 |
Ref.
0.84
* |
|
|
|
|
(detail) |
62
(-)
(
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: MMSE, Other, TMT
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, BMI, DEP, SES‡
(detail) |
|
Sattler, 2011
|
|
Sattler, 2011
|
ILSE
|
Cohort study reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
300
(49%) |
12 y
(detail) |
Lifetime physical activity
Never active: 29%
Not continually active (vs. Never active): 61%
Always active (vs. Never active): 10%
(detail) |
8
12
4
Total: 24 |
1.00
1.01
1.25† |
Ref.
0.54-1.90
0.38-4.06 |
Ref.
0.98
0.71
* |
|
|
|
|
(detail) |
62
(-)
(
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: MMSE, Other, TMT
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, BMI, DEP, SES‡
(detail) |
|
Sattler, 2011
|
|
Scarmeas, 2009
|
WHICAP
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
1880
(69%) |
5.4 y
(detail) |
No PA: 25%
Some PA: 36%
Much PA: 39%
(detail) |
71
84
69
Total: 224 |
1.00
0.75
0.67 |
Ref.
0.54-1.04
0.47-0.95 |
Ref.
0.08
0.02 |
|
|
|
|
Caucasian, Other, Hispanic, African-American (Black)
|
77
(7)
(
-
) |
Screening: Other
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, APOE4, bsln BMI, Kcal, CF, CI, DEP, LA, O, RE, SM, SP‡
(detail) |
|
Scarmeas, 2009
|
|
Tolppanen, 2015
|
NKP-FINMONICA-CAIDE
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
1432
(62%) |
28 y |
Physical activity in midlife
Low PA: 24%
Medium PA: 35%
High PA: 41%
(detail) |
56
70
68
Total: 194 |
1.40
1.43
1.00 |
0.97-2.02
1.02-2.01
Ref. |
0.07
0.03
Ref.
* |
66
85
81
Total: 232 |
1.39
1.45
1.00 |
0.99-1.95
1.06-1.97
Ref. |
0.06
0.02
Ref.
* |
(detail) |
51
(6)
(
-
) |
Screening: CERAD, Informant interview, MMSE
AD Diagnosis: DSM IV, NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ASM, AF, BMI, CVD, CVS, JNTPN, CPD, CHF, CAD, DM, MS, MI, OPA, O, PA, RA, SM, SH‡
(detail) |
|
Tolppanen, 2015
|
|
Tyas, 2001
|
MSHA
|
Cumulative incidence study reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
635
(62%) |
5.0 y
(detail) |
No PA: 42%
Yes PA: 58%
(detail) |
17
14
Total: 31 |
1.00
0.70 |
Ref.
0.32-1.51 |
Ref.
0.37
* |
|
|
|
|
(detail) |
74
(6)
(65
-
93)
(detail) |
Screening: "Modified" 3MSE, 3MSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G‡ |
|
Tyas, 2001
|
|
Wilson, 2002a
|
ROS
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
733
(67%) |
4.5 y
(detail) |
Lowest PA: 25%
Low-mid PA: 25%
Mid-high PA: 25%
Highest PA: 25%
(detail) |
-
-
-
-
Total: 111 |
1.00
0.71
0.73
0.61 |
Ref.
0.42-1.19
0.44-1.20
0.35-1.05 |
Ref.
0.2
0.22
0.08
* |
|
|
|
|
Caucasian, Other
|
75
(6)
(65
-
) |
Screening: CERAD
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G‡
(detail) |
|
Wilson, 2002a
|
|
Yoshitake, 1995
|
Hisayama Study
|
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
826
(60%) |
6.1 y
*
(detail) |
No PA: 63%
Yes PA: 37%
(detail) |
-
-
Total: 44 |
1.00
0.20 |
Ref.
0.06-0.68 |
Ref.
0.01
* |
Total: 103 |
|
|
|
Japanese
(detail) |
74
(6)
(65
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: HDS
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, G‡
(detail) |
|
Yoshitake, 1995
|
* Derived value.
† Five or fewer cases exist.
‡ Covariates: "A" (age), "E" (education), "G" (gender), "ADLI" (activities of daily living impairment), "ALC" (alcohol intake), "ANG" (angina), "AHD" (antihypertensive drug use), "APOE234" (APOE e2 e3 e4 genotype), "APOE4" (APOE e4 genotype), "ASM" (asthma), "AF" (atrial fibrillation), "bsln BMI" (baseline BMI), "MMSE" (baseline MMSE), "BMI" (body mass index), "Kcal" (caloric intake), "C" (cancer), "CVD" (cardiovascular disease), "CVS" (cardiovascular surgery), "CYJPN" (childhood years spent in Japan), "JNTPN" (chronic joint pain), "CPD" (chronic pulmonary disease), "CF" (cognitive function), "CI" (comorbidity index), "CHF" (congestive heart failure history), "CAD" (coronary artery disease), "CHD" (coronary heart disease), "DEP" (depression), "DM" (diabetes mellitus), "DSU" (dietary supplement use), "ECG" (electrocardiogram abnormalities), "FVG" (fruit and vegetable consumption), "HS" (health status), "HC" (high cholesterol), "HXHTN" (history of hypertension), "HTN" (hypertension), "IADLI" (instrumental activities of daily living impairment), "LA" (leisure activities), "LD" (locomotor disorders), "MRI" (magnetic resonance imaging white-matter-grade score), "MS" (marital status), "MI" (mycardial infarction history), "OPA" (occupational physical activity), "OS" (Occupational status), "O" (other), "CA-Past" (Past Cognitive Activity ), "PA" (physical activity), "PP" (physical performance), "HCY" (plasma homocysteine), "RE" (race/ethnicity), "RA" (rheumatoid arthritis), "SMKH" (smoking habits), "SM" (smoking status), "SA" (social Activity), "SNS" (social network score), "SSS" (social support score), "SES" (socioeconomic status), "SH" (stroke history), "SP" (study population), "SBP" (systolic blood pressure), "TC" (total cholesterol), "VD" (vascular disease)
§ Covariates for total dementia are different.
|
