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Table 1:
Physical activity-categorical
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Notes |
This table represents a variety of exposure definitions for leisure-time physical activity in relation to AD risk. Generally, the reference category corresponds to the least amount of physical activity; however, in the Abbott 2004 paper the reference category is represented by those with the highest number of miles walked per day.
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Alzheimer Disease |
Total Dementia |
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|
Paper |
Cohort |
Study Type |
# Subjects
(% Female) |
Average Follow-up Time |
Exposure Distribution
|
# of Cases |
Effect Size |
95% CI |
P-value |
# of Cases |
Effect Size |
95% CI |
P-value |
Ethnicity |
Age at Start of Follow-up:
Mean (SD)
(Range) |
Diagnostic Assessment |
Covariates & Analysis |
Comment |
Paper |
|
Abbott, 2004
|
HAAS |
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
2257
(0%) |
7.0 y
(detail) |
<.25 miles/d: 27%
.25 to 1 miles/d: 34%
>1 to 2 miles/d: 19%
>2 miles/d: 20%
(detail) |
-
-
-
-
Total: 101 |
2.21
1.86
1.88
1.00 |
1.06-4.57
0.91-3.79
0.87-4.04
Ref. |
0.03
0.09
0.11
Ref. |
-
-
-
-
Total: 158 |
1.93
1.75
1.33
1.00 |
1.11-3.32
1.03-2.99
0.73-2.45
Ref. |
0.02
0.04
0.35
Ref. |
Japanese
(detail) |
77
(4)
(71
-
93) |
Screening: CASI
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, APOE4, BMI, CHD, DM, HTN, O, PP, TC‡
(detail) |
|
Abbott, 2004
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|
Larson, 2006
|
ACT-GHC |
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
1740
(60%) |
6.2 y
(detail) |
<3 times/wk: 26%
>3 times/wk: 74%
(detail) |
-
-
Total: 107 |
1.00
0.69 |
Ref.
0.45-1.05 |
Ref.
0.08 |
52
106
Total: 158 |
1.00
0.68 |
Ref.
0.48-0.96 |
Ref.
0.03 |
Caucasian, Other, African-American (Black)
(detail) |
74
(6)
(65
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: CASI
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ALC, APOE4, CVD, CF, CHD, DEP, DM, DSU, HS, HTN, PP, SM‡§
(detail) |
|
Larson, 2006
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Laurin, 2001
|
CSHA |
Cumulative incidence study reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
4615
(60%) |
5.0 y
(detail) |
None: 32%
Low PA: 13%
Moderate PA: 36%
High PA: 19%
(detail) |
80
21
52
16
Total: 169 |
1.00
0.67
0.67
0.50 |
Ref.
0.39-1.14
0.46-0.98
0.28-0.90 |
Ref.
0.14
0.04
0.02
* |
110
28
79
31
Total: 248 |
1.00
0.64
0.69
0.63 |
Ref.
0.41-1.02
0.50-0.95
0.40-0.98 |
Ref.
0.05
0.02
0.04
* |
Caucasian
(detail) |
-
(-)
(65
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: 3MSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G‡
(detail) |
|
Laurin, 2001
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|
Podewils, 2005
|
CHCS |
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
3375
(59%) |
5.4 y
(detail) |
<248 kcal/week: 25%
248-742 kcal/wk: 25%
743-1,647 kcal/wk: 25%
>1,657 kcal/wk: 25%
(detail) |
69
70
58
48
Total: 245 |
1.00
1.07
0.92
0.70 |
Ref.
0.73-1.57
0.62-1.39
0.44-1.33 |
Ref.
0.73
0.69
0.14
* |
129
136
111
103
Total: 479 |
1.00
1.22
0.94
0.85 |
Ref.
0.93-1.60
0.69-1.28
0.61-1.19 |
Ref.
0.15
0.69
0.34
* |
Caucasian, Other
|
75
(5)
(65
-
) |
Screening: IQ-CODE, 3MSE, Other, TICS
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ADLI, APOE4, MMSE, IADLI, MRI, RE, SNS, SSS‡
(detail) |
|
Podewils, 2005
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Ravaglia, 2008
|
CSBA |
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
749
(54%) |
3.9 y
(detail) |
<4,774 kcal/wk: 33%
4,774-8,090 kcal/wk: 33%
>8.090 kcal/wk: 33%
(detail) |
21
20
13
Total: 54 |
1.00
0.70
0.95 |
Ref.
0.33-1.49
0.50-1.80 |
Ref.
0.35
0.88
* |
41
26
19
Total: 86 |
1.00
0.58
0.69 |
Ref.
0.32-1.06
0.41-1.15 |
Ref.
0.07
0.16
* |
Caucasian
(detail) |
73
(6)
(65
-
) |
Screening: MMSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, APOE4, C, CVD, CPD, CHD, DM, HTN, HCY‡
(detail) |
|
Ravaglia, 2008
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Rovio, 2005
|
North Karelia Project/FINMONICA |
Cumulative incidence study reporting odds ratios (ORs) |
1449
(62%) |
21 y
(detail) |
Sedentary in midlife: 59%
Active in midlife: 41%
(detail) |
31
10
Total: 41 |
1.00
0.35 |
Ref.
0.16-0.80 |
Ref.
0.01
* |
38
15
Total: 53 |
1.00
0.47 |
Ref.
0.25-0.90 |
Ref.
0.02
* |
(detail) |
51
(6)
(39
-
64) |
Screening: MMSE
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, ALC, APOE234, BMI, LD, MI, SM, SH, SBP, TC‡§
(detail) |
|
Rovio, 2005
|
|
Scarmeas, 2009
|
WHICAP |
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
1880
(69%) |
5.4 y
(detail) |
No PA: 25%
Some PA: 36%
Much PA: 39%
(detail) |
71
84
69
Total: 224 |
1.00
0.75
0.67 |
Ref.
0.54-1.04
0.47-0.95 |
Ref.
0.08
0.02 |
|
|
|
|
Caucasian, Other, Hispanic, African-American (Black)
|
77
(7)
(
-
) |
Screening: Other
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G, APOE4, Baseline B, Kcal, CF, CI, DEP, LA, O, RE, SM, SP‡
(detail) |
|
Scarmeas, 2009
|
|
Wilson, 2002a
|
ROS |
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
733
(67%) |
4.5 y
(detail) |
Lowest PA: 25%
Low-mid PA: 25%
Mid-high PA: 25%
Highest PA: 25%
(detail) |
-
-
-
-
Total: 111 |
1.00
0.71
0.73
0.61 |
Ref.
0.42-1.19
0.44-1.20
0.35-1.05 |
Ref.
0.2
0.22
0.08
* |
|
|
|
|
Caucasian, Other
|
75
(6)
(65
-
) |
Screening: CERAD
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, E, G‡
(detail) |
|
Wilson, 2002a
|
|
Yoshitake, 1995
|
Hisayama Study |
Incidence study reporting hazard ratios (HRs) |
826
(60%) |
6.1 y
*
(detail) |
No PA: 63%
Yes: 37%
(detail) |
-
-
Total: 44 |
1.00
0.20 |
Ref.
0.06-0.68 |
Ref.
0.01
* |
Total: 103 |
|
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|
Japanese
(detail) |
74
(6)
(65
-
)
(detail) |
Screening: HDS
AD Diagnosis: NINCDS ADRDA
(detail) |
A, G‡
(detail) |
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Yoshitake, 1995
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* Derived value.
‡ Covariates: "A" (age), "E" (education), "G" (gender), "ADLI" (activities of daily living impairment), "ALC" (alcohol intake), "APOE234" (APOE e2 e3 e4 genotype), "APOE4" (APOE e4 genotype), "Baseline B" (baseline BMI), "MMSE" (baseline MMSE), "BMI" (body mass index), "Kcal" (caloric intake), "C" (cancer), "CVD" (cardiovascular disease), "CPD" (chronic pulmonary disease), "CF" (cognitive function), "CI" (comorbidity index), "CHD" (coronary heart disease), "DEP" (depression), "DM" (diabetes mellitus), "DSU" (dietary supplement use), "HS" (health status), "HTN" (hypertension), "IADLI" (instrumental activities of daily living impairment), "LA" (leisure activities), "LD" (locomotor disorders), "MRI" (magnetic resonance imaging white-matter-grade score), "MI" (mycardial infarction history), "O" (other), "PP" (physical performance), "HCY" (plasma homocysteine), "RE" (race/ethnicity), "SM" (smoking status), "SNS" (social network score), "SSS" (social support score), "SH" (stroke history), "SP" (study population), "SBP" (systolic blood pressure), "TC" (total cholesterol)
§ Covariates for total dementia are different.
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